Year: 2024 | Month: January | Volume: 14 | Issue: 1 | Pages: 283-290
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20240136
Type-II-Diabetes Mellitus- Etiology, Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Diagnosis and Insight into Demography (Urban Versus Rural)
Umesh Kumar Sharmaa,b, Meenu Pujania, J. Anuradhab
aDepartment of Laboratory Services, Metro Heart Institute with multispecialty Faridabad, India.
bNIMS Institute of Allied Medical Science and Technology, NIMS university, Rajasthan, Jaipur - 303121
Corresponding Author: Umesh Kumar Sharma
ABSTRACT
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects the synthesis of insulin. Two major types of diabetes are Type I and type II. Type I Diabetes results from autoimmune disease due to destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas' islets. While, type II insulin (T2DM) is caused by insulin resistance in muscle, fat and liver cells. Insulin resistance in T2DM leads higher triglyceride biosynthesis, decreased triglyceride and increased fatty acid flux. The various risk factors associated with T2DM includes dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and cardio vascular diseases. T2DM, a chronic non-communicable disease, affects around 463 million people worldwide suffer from this disease and by 2040, that figure is predicted to increase to 640 million. The most common types of T2DM diagnostic tests are (i) FPG (fasting plasma glucose) ≥126 mg/dl assays (ii) The OGTT, or oral glucose tolerance test 2-h plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dl (iii) HBA1C (glycated hemoglobin) ≥6.5%. Due to their sedentary lifestyles and over nutrition, urban patients typically experience higher rates of T2DM than rural ones. A healthy lifestyle that includes eating low-fat, high-fiber meals, exercising moderately to vigorously, decreasing weight, and avoiding prolonged inactivity is key to preventing T2DM. In nations like India, with the use of epidemiological data diabetes prevention initiatives can more effectively target high-risk people.
Key words: Diabetes Mellitus, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin, triglyceride, autoimmune disease